Estimation of pores via artificial pore intersections
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5566/ias.3970Abstract
Pores are ubiquitous in nature and tend to be extremely complex. Watershed is standard imaging tool in many applications for pore estimation because of its efficiency to capture closed pores. However, oftentimes materials do not have clearly delineated borders, making it difficult to properly pinpoint pore centers and characterize the material structure. With solid understanding of the porous behavior of materials, digital recreations of media can be more precise and suitable for simulations. We introduce a complementary technique involving artificial pores to obtain improved porosity insight. Through sub-windows of an image, we can detect the likelihood of a sub-window containing a pore or an intersection of pores. For the latter classification, we bridge the gap in the pore intersection, so as to separate the pores distinctly. Finally, we demonstrate that this methodology is particularly useful for pore detection when borders are not visible.
References
Beucher S, Meyer F (2018). The morphological approach to segmentation: the watershed transformation. In: Mathematical morphology in image processing. CRC Press, 433-81.
Blunt MJ, Bijeljic B, Dong H, Gharbi O, Iglauer S, Mostaghimi P, Paluszny A, Pentland C (2013). Pore-Scale Imaging and Modelling. Adv Water Resour 51:197-216.
Chanda B (2008). Morphological algorithms for image processing. IETE Tech Rev 25:9-18.
Chen S, Haralick RM (1995). Recursive erosion, dilation, opening, and closing transforms. IEEE Trans Image Process 4:335-45.
Costa LF (2021). Further generalizations of the Jaccard index. arXiv:2110.09619.
Eder M, Brockmann G, Zimmermann A, Papadopoulos MA, Schwenzer-Zimmerer K, Zeilhofer HF, Sader R, Papadopulos NA, Kovacs L (2013). Evaluation of precision and accuracy assessment of different 3-D surface imaging systems for biomedical purposes. J Digit Imaging 26:163-72.
Fabbri R, Costa LF, Torelli JC, Bruno OM (2008). 2D Euclidean Distance Transform Algorithms: A Comparative Survey. ACM Comput Surv 40:2:1-2:44.
Gostick JT (2017). Versatile and efficient pore network extraction method using marker-based watershed segmentation. Phys Rev E 96:023307.
Gostick J, Khan ZA, Tranter TG, Kok MDR, Agnaou M, Sadeghi MA, Jervis R (2019). PoreSpy: A Python Toolkit for Quantitative Analysis of Porous Media Images. J Open Source Softw 4:1296.
Goyal M (2011). Morphological image processing. IJCST 2:59.
Guindon B, Zhang Y (2017). Application of the dice coefficient to accuracy assessment of object-based image classification. Can J Remote Sens 43:48-61.
Huttenlocher DP, Klanderman GA, Rucklidge WJ (1993). Comparing images using the Hausdorff distance. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 15:850-63.
Jung A, Redenbach C, Schladitz K, Staub S (2022). 3D Image-Based Stochastic Micro-structure Modelling of Foams for Simulating Elasticity. In: Research in Mathematics of Materials Science. Springer, 257-81.
Kornilov A, Safonov I, Yakimchuk I (2022). A review of watershed implementations for segmentation of volumetric images. J Imaging 8:127.
Leblanc C, Kilingar NG, Jung A, Kamel KEM, Massart TJ, Noels L, Béchet E (2022). Analysis of an open foam generated from computerized tomography scans of physical foam samples. Int J Numer Meth Eng 123:4267-95.
Lindeberg T (1993). Discrete derivative approximations with scale-space properties: A basis for low-level feature extraction. J Math Imaging Vis 3:349-76.
Lotufo RA, Audigier R, Saude AV, Machado RC (2023). Morphological image processing. In: Microscope image processing. Elsevier, 75-117.
Macia I (2007). Generalized computation of Gaussian derivatives using itk. Insight J 1-14.
Malikmammadov E, Tanir TE, Kiziltay A, Hasirci V, Hasirci N (2018). PCL and PCL-based Materials in Biomedical Applications. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 29:863-93.
Moreaud M, Chaniot J, Fournel T, Becker JM, Sorbier L (2018). Multi-scale stochastic morphological models for 3D complex microstructures. In: 17th Workshop Inf Opt (WIO). IEEE, 1-3.
Nimmo JR (2004). Porosity and pore size distribution. Encycl Soils Environ 3:295-303.
Patmonoaji A, Tsuji K, Suekane T (2020). Pore-throat characterization of unconsolidated porous media using watershed-segmentation algorithm. Powder Technol 362:635-44.
Raid AM, Khedr WM, El-Dosuky MA, Aoud M (2014). Image restoration based on morphological operations. Int J Comput Sci Eng Inf Technol 4:9-21.
Re GL, Lopresti F, Petrucci G, Scaffaro R (2015). A facile method to determine pore size distribution in porous scaffold by using image processing. Micron 76:37-45.
Redenbach C, Schladitz K, Vecchio I, Wirjadi O (2014). Image analysis for microstructures based on stochastic models. GAMM-Mitt 37:281-305.
Safonov IV, Mavrin GN, Kryzhanovsky KA (2006). Segmentation of convex cells with partially undefined boundaries. Pattern Recognit Image Anal 16:46-9.
Safonov IV, Mavrin GN, Kryzhanovsky KA (2008). Segmentation of convex cells with partially undefined edges. Pattern Recognit Image Anal 18:112-17.
Sayeed MA, Ayesha N, Sayeed MA (2020). Detecting Crows on Sowed Crop Fields using Simplistic Image processing Techniques by Open CV in comparison with TensorFlow Image Detection API. Int J Res Appl Sci Eng Technol 8:61-73.
She FH, Tung KL, Kong LX (2008). Calculation of effective pore diameters in porous filtration membranes with image analysis. Robot Cim-Int Manuf 24:427-34.
Synopsys Inc (2024). Simpleware ScanIP. Sunnyvale: Synopsys.
Teo LL, Sagar BSD (2006). Modeling, description, and characterization of fractal pore via mathematical morphology. Discret Dyn Nat Soc 2006:089280.
Zhang Z, Su X, Ding L, Wang Y, et al (2013). Multi-scale image segmentation of coal piles on a belt based on the Hessian matrix. Particuology 11:549-55.
Zhang H, Dong Y, Li J, Xu D (2021). An efficient method for time series similarity search using binary code representation and hamming distance. Intell Data Anal 25:439-61.
Downloads
Published
Data Availability Statement
Access to data is restricted due to sensitive experimental parameters and to being part of ongoing institutional research. Qualified researchers may request access for validation purposes by contacting Dr. Jens Nygaard via institutional email.
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Irving Martinez, Ute Hahn, Jens Nygaard, Catalina Suarez Londoño

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
